Biodegradable and/or compostable polymers made from conjugated dienes such as isoprene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene

ABSTRACT

Biodegradable and/or compostable polymers are made from isoprene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene or like conjugated dienes and a crosslinking agent having a cleavable linking group such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. These polymers can be used to make absorbent foams that are useful in absorbent articles such as diapers, as well as other biodegradable articles such as films, and latexes useful as binders and adhesives.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/370,923, filed on Jan. 10, 1996 and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,168.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to biodegradable and/or compostable polymers made from certain conjugated dienes such as isoprene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, as well as biodegradable articles made from such polymers. This application particularly relates to absorbent foams made from such polymers that are useful in absorbent articles such as diapers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Polymers are used in a wide range of applications due to their stability, elasticity, lightweight, strength, ease of fabrication and formulation, and low cost. These applications include packaging, housewares, buildings, highway construction, insulation (sound, vibration, or heat), ground coverings for agricultural weed and erosion control, adhesives, coatings for controlled release products, absorbents, and the like.

Environmental concerns have suggested a need for materials having polymer-like properties but without the degree of permanence typically associated with synthetic polymers. The decreasing availability of landfill space, as well as the increased costs of municipal solid waste disposal, have put increasing emphasis on minimizing the impact of nondegradable materials, including plastics, on the solid waste stream. Man-made polymers are typically not readily degraded by microorganisms that degrade most other forms of organic matter and return them to the biological life cycle. Although synthetic polymers form a relatively small fraction of the materials in landfills today (about 7% by weight or 15-20% by volume, see Thayer, Chem. Eng. News. 1989, 67 (4), 7), it would nonetheless be desirable to formulate such materials so they would be sufficiently durable for their intended use but more susceptible to environmental degradation. This would facilitate the development of methods such as industrial composting to convert municipal solid waste materials to useful products. In addition, plastic film products applied to the ground (e.g. to control weeds and/or erosion) would ideally be formulated to degrade after a few months. Improved degradability would also be desirable for “controlled release” of an active from some products, such as encapsulated pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.

Several approaches to enhance the environmental degradability of polymers have been suggested and tried. These include: (1) incorporation of a particulate biodegradable materials such as starch; (2) introduction of photodegradation-sensitizing groups into the molecular structure of the polymer; (3) incorporation of small amounts of selective additives that accelerate oxidative and/or photo-oxidative degradation. Each of these methods has certain problems. The inclusion of starch in polymer compositions facilitates mechanical breakdown, but leaves behind residual components of the nonbiodegradable polymer. Photodegradation functions only if the plastic is exposed to light (e.g., in the case of litter), and provides no benefit if the product is disposed of in a dark environment, e.g., in water, soil or a standard landfill. Oxidative accelerators can cause unwanted changes in the mechanical properties of the polymer, such as embrittlement, prior to or during use.

Another approach to environmental degradability of articles made with synthetic polymers is to make the polymer itself biodegradable or compostable. Biodegradation typically refers to the natural process of a material being degraded under anaerobic and/or aerobic conditions in the presence of microbes, fungi and other nutrients to carbon dioxide/methane, water and biomass. Composting typically refers to a human controlled process (e.g., a municipal solid waste composting facility) where the material undergoes physical, chemical, thermal and/or biological degradation to carbon dioxide/methane, water, and biomass Composting is generally conducted under conditions ideal for biodegradation to occur (e.g. disintegration to small pieces, temperature control, inoculation with suitable microorganisms, aeration as needed, and moisture control).

There are a number of polymer-based products for which biodegradability and/or compostability would be desirable. For example, films used in packaging, as backsheets in diapers, and agricultural ground covering are not intended to survive intact for long periods of time. Latex-type polymer products used in binders and adhesives, as well as in paints and coatings, often serve protective roles where stability to the environment is desired. However many products containing latexes are ultimately disposed of in the municipal solid waste stream. These include nonwoven products (e.g., tissue/towel products) where latex binders are used to join discrete fibers into a cohesive web. Although many nonwovens contain degradable cellulosic fibers (e.g. rayon), the latex binder is typically non-degradable, e.g., acrylate latexes. Accordingly, it would be desirable to be able to make polymeric latexes, including those useful as binders for nonwovens, that would be biodegradable or at least compatible with other means of disposal of waste, including standard industrial and municipal solid waste composting operations

Another approach to environmental degradability of articles made with synthetic polymers is to make the polymer itself biodegradable or compostable. See Swift, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 105-110 for a general overview on biodegradable polymeric compositions. Most of this work has been based on hydrolyzable polyester compositions, chemically modified natural polymers such as cellulose or starch or chitin, and certain polyamides. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,646 (Gallagher et al), issued Jun. 15, 1995 (hydrolyzable polyester). Polyvinyl alcohol is the only synthetic high molecular weight addition polymer with no heteroatom in the main chain generally acknowledged as biodegradable. See also Hocking, J. Mat. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., 1992, C32(1), 35-54, Cassidy et al, J. Macromol. Sci.—Rev. Macromol. Chem., 1981, C21(1), 89-133, and “Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering,” 2nd. ed.; Wiley & Sons: New York, 1989; Vol. 2, p 220. (Limited reports add poly (alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates) to this list of biodegradable synthetic polymers.)

Natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) is also readily biodegradable. Natural rubber retains carbon-carbon double bonds in the main polymeric chain that are believed to facilitate attack by either oxygen and/or microbes/fungi, leading subsequently to chain scission, molecular weight reduction, and eventually total degradation of the polymer. See Heap et al, J. Appl. Chem., 1968, 18, 189-194. The precise mechanism for the biodegradation of natural rubber is not known. Enzymatic and/or aerobic oxidation of the allylic methyl substituent may be involved. See Tsuchii et al., Appl. Env. Micro. 1990, 269-274, Tsuchii et al., Agric. Biol. Chem., 1979, 43(12), 2441-2446, and Heap et al, supra. By contrast, nonbiodegradable polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, poly(meth)acrylates and polystyrene have saturated carbon-carbon backbones that do not facilitate attack by either oxygen and/or microbes. This biodegradability has been recognized only for the natural form of rubber. See Tsuchii et al., supra, which reports: “Synthetic polyisoprenes, however, were not degraded completely by the organism.” More recently, it was reported that synthetic “cis-1,4-polyisoprene does not undergo specific biodegradation.” See Kodzhaeva et al., Intern. J. Polymeric Mater., 1994, 25, 107-115.

Unfortunately, natural rubber is biodegradable to the extent that it is too unstable for most uses. Natural rubber also suffers from poor mechanical properties (e.g., strength, creep resistance). Indeed, stabilizers, fillers, and/or crosslinking agents are routinely added to natural rubber to enhance its mechanical properties. Crosslinkers are typically required in order to provide sufficient mechanical integrity for practical use. However, the most common crosslinking process creates a polysulfide linkage, i.e., by vulcanization, that virtually eliminates the biodegradability of natural rubber. See Tsuchii et al. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1990, 41, 1181-1187.

Polymeric foams are widely used in many areas where biodegradability and/or compostability would be an asset. In addition to foamed plastics for containers and packaging (e.g., foamed polystyrene), polymeric foams have been used as absorbents in absorbent articles such as diapers and catamenial products. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,029,100 (Karami), issued Jun. 14, 1977, that discloses a shape-retaining diaper that can employ a foam element in the crotch area of the absorbent pad assembly in order to provide high wet resilience. Certain types of polymeric foams have been used in absorbent articles for the purpose of imbibing, wicking and/or retaining aqueous body fluids. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,563,243 (Lindquist), issued Feb. 6, 1971 (absorbent pad for diapers and the like where the primary absorbent is a hydrophilic polyurethane foam sheet); U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,297 (Dabi), issued Nov. 19, 1985 (body fluid absorbing cellular polymers that can be used in diapers or catamenial products); U.S. Pat. No. 4,740,520 (Garvey et al), issued Apr. 26, 1988 (absorbent composite structure such as diapers, feminine care products and the like that contain sponge absorbents made from certain types of super-wicking, crosslinked polyurethane foams).

The use of absorbent foams in absorbent articles such as diapers can be highly desirable. If made appropriately, open-celled hydrophilic polymeric foams can provide features of capillary fluid acquisition, transport and storage required for use in high performance absorbent cores. Absorbent articles containing such foams can possess desirable wet integrity, can provide suitable fit throughout the entire period the article is worn, and can minimize changes in shape during use (e.g., uncontrolled swelling, bunching). In addition, absorbent articles containing such foam structures can be easier to manufacture on a commercial scale. For example, absorbent diaper cores can simply be stamped out from continuous foam sheets and can be designed to have considerably greater integrity and uniformity than absorbent fibrous webs. Such foams can also be molded into any desired shape, or even formed into integral, unitary diapers.

Currently, the absorbent core of most disposable diapers comprises a cellulosic fibrous matrix in which is dispersed particulate absorbent polymers often referred to as “hydrogels”, “superabsorbents” or “hydrocolloid” materials. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,699,103 (Harper et al), issued Jun. 13, 1972; U.S. Pat. No. 3,770,731 (Harmon), issued Jun. 20, 1972; U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,402 (Weisman et al), issued Jun. 16, 1987; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,022 (Lash et al), issued Jun. 19, 1990. Absorbent cores comprising this cellulosic fibrous matrix and dispersed particulate absorbent polymers are typically at least about 80% compostable in standard industrial and municipal solid waste composting operations.

Making useful absorbent polymeric foams that are completely biodegradable is not straightforward. Many of the conventional polymers, such as the aromatic polyurethanes, that have been used in the past as absorbent foams are not biodegradable, are very poorly biodegraded, or may not be compatible with all municipal solid waste disposal methods (landfill, incineration, composting). Generally the stability of the covalent bonds of polymers previously used in such foams is too great, or suitable extracellular enzymes to attack these polymer structures are unavailable, or the polymeric subunits are themselves not biodegradable and/or compostable.

Accordingly, it would be desirable to develop a biodegradable/compostable polymer that would be useful in making such films, adhesives, fibrous elastics, and absorbent foams. It would be particularly desirable to be able to make an absorbent polymeric foam that: (1) is sufficiently stable under normal storage conditions and in the presence of aqueous body fluids, such as urine, to be useful as an absorbent structure in disposable absorbent articles such as diapers, adult incontinence pads or briefs, sanitary napkins and the like; (2) has adequate and preferably superior absorbency characteristics, including capillary fluid transfer capability, so as to be desirable in high performance absorbent core structures; (3) is compatible with all means of disposal of waste, including standard industrial composting operations; and (4) is sufficiently flexible so as to provide a high degree of comfort to the wearer of the absorbent article.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to polymers that are biodegradable and/or compostable, as well as biodegradable articles made from such polymers. These polymers are synthetically made by polymerizing a monomer mixture comprising:

A. from about 30 to about 98% by weight of a conjugated diene having at least 5 carbon atoms and having the formula:

wherein at least one R₁ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, the other R₁ being H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, phenyl, carboxylate, carboxamide, C₁-C₁₂ ester or a mixture thereof;

B. from about 2 to about 70% by weight of a crosslinking agent having the formula:

wherein each A is a cleavable linking group; R₂ is C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, C₂-C₁₂ alkenylene, C₆-C₁₂ arylene, C₇-C₁₈ arylalkylene, C₄-C₁₂ heteroarylene, C₆-C₁₈ heteroarylalkylene, C₈-C₁₈ arylalkenylene, or C₈-C₁₈ heteroarylalkenylene; R₃ are H, halo, carboxy, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ ester, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₄-C₁₂ heteroaryl, or mixtures thereof; n is at least 2;

C. up to about 25% by weight other compatible comonomers.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed the biodegradability, or at least compostability, of the polymers of the present invention is due to at least two factors. One is the similarity of the main chain of the polymer to that of cis-1,4-polyisoprene present in natural rubber. Like natural rubber, the polymers of the present invention retain a double bond in the main polymeric chain. This double bond is believed to be essential for attack by either oxygen and/or microbes/fungi such that the polymer chain is broken up into smaller units for subsequent degradation.

The second factor important to biodegradability and/or compostability, of the polymers of the present invention are the linking groups A of the crosslinking agent. These linking groups (e.g., ester groups, ether groups, amide groups or the like) are chemically and/or biologically labile (cleavable) during the biodegradation and/or composting process. The units resulting from cleavage are linear or uncrosslinked copolymers of the conjugated diene and the cleaved (e.g., carboxylic acid in the case of ester groups) portion of the crosslinking agent. This copolymer can then be degraded into smaller units as a result of the previously described double bonds present in the main polymer chain. (It is not known whether cleavage/degradation occurs simultaneously or sequentially; for the purposes of the present invention, the particular order of these events is considered irrelevant.)

The polymers of the present invention are particularly useful in preparing biodegradable and/or compostable absorbent foams useful in absorbent articles such as diapers. These absorbent foams can be prepared by polymerizing a specific type of water-in-oil emulsion having a relatively small amount of an oil phase and a relatively greater amount of a water phase. This type of polymerizable emulsion in general is known in the art as a high internal phase emulsion or “HIPE.” The oil phase of these HIPEs comprises the monomer mixture of conjugated diene, crosslinking agent, as well as the optional compatible monomer.

Although the polymeric foams of the present invention are biodegradable and/or compostable, they are still sufficiently stable under normal storage conditions and in the presence of aqueous body fluids (e.g., urine) so as to be useful in absorbent cores for disposable absorbent articles. Degradation occurs only after exposure to oxygen and an active biological matrix such as a compost wherein a variety of organisms exists for providing extracellular enzymes necessary for cleavage of the polymeric network. Because of their excellent absorbency characteristics, including capillary fluid transport capability, these biodegradable/compostable polymeric foams are extremely useful in high performance absorbent core structures for a variety of absorbent articles such as diapers, adult incontinence pads or briefs, sanitary napkins, and the like. These biodegradable/compostable polymeric foams are also sufficiently flexible and soft so as to provide a high degree of comfort to the wearer of the absorbent article.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 of the drawings is a photomicrograph (250× magnification) of an edge view of a cut section of a polymeric foam made according to the present invention in its expanded state using 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the monomers.

FIG. 2 of the drawings is a photomicrograph (1000× magnification) of the polymeric foam shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 of the drawings is a cutaway depiction of a disposable diaper that utilizes the absorbent polymeric foam of the present invention as an hourglass-shaped fluid storage/distribution component in an absorbent diaper core of dual-layer configuration.

FIG. 4 of the drawings represents a cut-away view of a form-fitting article such as a disposable training pants product that employs an absorbent polymeric foam according to the present invention as an absorbent core.

FIG. 5 of the drawings represents a blown-apart view of the components of a diaper structure also of dual layer core configuration having an hourglass-shaped fluid acquisition layer overlying an absorbent foam fluid storage/distribution layer with a modified hourglass shape.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A. Definitions

As used herein, the term “diene” refers to a compound having two carbon-to-carbon double bonds where these double bonds are conjugated in the 1,3-position. The double bonds of the diene can be either cis or trans.

As used herein, the term “biodegradation” refers to the natural process of a material being degraded under aerobic/anaerobic conditions in the presence of fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and other microorganisms to carbon dioxide/methane, water, and biomass. (Biodegradable materials containing heteroatoms can also yield other products such as ammonia or sulfur dioxide.) “Biomass” is generally understood to account for the portion of the metabolized materials that is incorporated into the cellular structure of the organisms present or converted to humus fractions indistinguishable from material of biological origin.

As used herein, the term “biodegradability” refers to the propensity of a material to biodegrade; i.e., the rate and extent of degradation. Generally, a synthetic material can be considered biodegradable if the rate and extent of biodegradation is comparable to that of naturally occurring materials (e.g., leaves, grass clippings, sawdust) or to synthetic polymers that are generally recognized as biodegradable in the same environment.

As used herein, the term “composting” refers to a human controlled aerobic/anaerobic process (e.g., a municipal solid waste (MSW) composting facility) where material undergoes physical, chemical, and/or biological degradation to carbon dioxide/methane, water, and biomass. Composting is generally conducted under conditions ideal for biodegradation to occur, e.g., disintegration to small pieces, temperature control, inoculation with suitable microorganisms, aeration as needed, and moisture control. A composting process typically requires about 6 months for the incoming material to mature to compost and involves about a 50% reduction in mass, the balance being lost to the gases listed above (and water vapor). See Haug, Roger T. “Compost Engineering”; Technomic Publ.: Lancaster, Pa., 1980.

As used herein, the term “compostability” refers to the biodegradability of a material under specific composting conditions (e.g., temperature, moisture level, oxygen level, pH, time, agitation, etc.). Materials can more readily biodegrade under optimized composting conditions relative to aerobic/anaerobic conditions in soil. However, even after 6 months of aerobic composting of materials such as yard waste, only half of the total mass is completely mineralized to carbon dioxide/methane and water. The residue comprises potentially usable “compost” that contains slower degrading and matter and partially degraded biomass.

As used herein the term “mineralized” means that the carbon in the material is metabolized to yield carbon dioxide. “Percent mineralization” refers to the percentage of carbon atoms in a sample which are converted to carbon dioxide. Conversion to biomass is not represented by this fraction.

As used herein, the term “elastomer” and “elastomeric” refer to polymers that can undergo very large reversible deformations under applied load. This property appears when either chemical or physical crosslinks are present in the polymeric system. For example, polyisoprene can be readily formed into a typical elastomer. It is amorphous, easily crosslinked, and has a low Tg. See Odian, G., “Principles of Polymerization” 3rd ed.; Wiley & Sons: NY, N.Y., 1991, pp 35-37.

As used herein, the term “thermoplastic” refers to polymers that flow and deform under high temperature and pressure without recovery of their original shape. Conversely, as also used herein, the term “thermoset” refers to a polymer that cannot flow under thermal or mechanical stress and is usually crosslinked. See Odian, G. “Principles of Polymerization” 3rd ed.; Wiley & Sons: NY, N.Y., 1991, page 109.

As used herein, the term “comprising” means that the various monomers, and other components, or steps, can be conjointly employed in practicing the present invention. Accordingly, the term “comprising” encompasses the more restrictive terms: “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.”

All percentages, ratios and proportions used herein are by weight unless otherwise specified.

B. Determining the Biodegradability/Compostability of Polymers

A variety of test methods have been used to evaluate the biodegradability/compostability of synthetically derived polymers. Some methods rely on exposing the synthetic polymer to environmental conditions and subsequently making physical integrity measurements over time. Loss of physical strength or related properties is used as evidence of “biodegradability”. This technique more properly determines the “biodisintegratability” of the material. However, it does not determine the ultimate fate of residual small pieces of undegraded polymer. The presence of such undegraded residue is potentially significant, especially when repeated use in the same area results in a gradual accumulation of high level; of the particular polymer.

Another test used widely to assess biodegradability is the Sturm test (See Swisher, R. D. “Surfactant Biodegradation” 2nd ed.; Dekker :New York, 1987; Vol. 18, Chapter 5). In this test, the target compound is added to a dilute medium containing only inorganic nutrients and inoculated microorganisms common to municipal sewage solutions. This is a “sole source” test where the only carbon source for metabolism is the target compound. The amount of carbon dioxide produced over time (mineralization) can be related to the ability of the microorganisms to utilize the carbon in the target compound their metabolic processes, and is considered to be true evidence of biodegradation. However, even readily biodegradable materials are not completely mineralized in this test. Typically, 10-20% of these materials are converted into “biomass” which is not measured in the Sturm test. Also, compounds that are not soluble in water can only be degraded at the exposed surface, inducing a kinetic limitation. Finally, the inoculate and medium of this test do not adequately approximate the diverse microorganisms available in other waste streams, such as municipal solid waste compost. False negatives can be produced from samples that are biodegradable when exposed only to organisms and/or matrices that are not found in the Sturm test with sewerage inocula. For example, a natural solid material such as pine sawdust that is known to be biodegradable is only mineralized 10% in a Sturm test after 90 days. However, if a Sturm test shows significant evolution of carbon dioxide (e.g., at least 5%) from a homogeneous material relative to a control (i.e., without substrate), the material is typically regarded as being inherently biodegradable.

An alternative method for approximating the fate of materials in municipal solid waste (MSW) composting systems has been developed by Organic Waste Systems (OWS) located at 3155 Research Blvd. in Dayton, Ohio 45420. In this test, the target compound is added to “mature” MSW compost that has already largely degraded and will only slowly degrade thereafter. The amount of carbon dioxide produced from the composted mixture is compared with the amount produced from a control or blank sample. The difference is attributed to the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the target compound. In order to achieve an adequate signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, an abnormally large amount of sample is used, usually 10% by weight of the mature compost. This test typically lasts 45-60 days and cycles through various temperature regimes to approximate the environment typical of commercial MSW composting operations.

The results from the OWS test can be difficult to interpret in terms of absolute “biodegradability”. A material such as pure cellulose mineralizes within a few weeks to about 80% and is clearly completely “biodegradable.” However, synthetic materials that degrade to a much lesser extent over the same period can still be appropriately referred to as “biodegradable”. Indeed, natural substances, such as pine sawdust, can be poorly degraded in the OWS test. Although no specific targets have been developed in the OWS test for determining what is “biodegradable”, the rate and ultimate extent of mineralization should be similar to those of naturally occurring materials, such as leaves or pine sawdust. In particular, mineralization rates and levels in the OWS test that are clearly greater than those observed for non-biodegradable polymers such as polystyrene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride would suggest biodegradability of the test material.

For the purposes of the present inventions, if a homogeneous homopolymer has a level of mineralization (i.e., percent conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide) of at least 5% within a 45 day period in the OWS test (or within to 90 days in a similar aerobic test such as the Sturm test), it is considered “biodegradable”. This 5% level should be in excess of contributions from any known biodegradable adjuvant materials, such as emulsifiers or processing aids, that can be present in the polymer. In other words, the mineralization level of the polymer should not be “artificially” enhanced by the presence of other readily biodegradable materials. Although this criterion may not be considered very stringent, many materials widely acknowledged as being biodegradable barely meet these criterion for mineralization whereas those which show minimal mineralization are generally recognized as being non-biodegradable.

Ideally, the extent of mineralization of the biodegradable polymer will be greater than 5% and the rate curve will have a clearly positive slope even at the end of the 45/90 day period. Factors other than the chemical makeup of the polymer should be taken account to ensure representative results. Two of the most significant are: (a) the surface area of the test solid; and (b) the hydrophilicity of its surface. These factors may not alter the ultimate fate of the test material, but can affect the rate of mineralization.

Materials that are not biodegradable nearly always show very low levels of mineralization (i.e., less than 5%, and often less than 1-2%, in 45/90 days). For example, polystyrene is mineralized only about 0.3% after 45 days in the OWS test. This value is typical of materials not considered to be biodegradable and reflects the “noise” inherent in the results of the test.

C. Monomers

The biodegradable/compostable polymers of the present invention are made from a monomer mixture that comprises: (1) from about 30 to about 98%, more typically from about 60 to about 90%, of a conjugated diene; (2) from about 2 to about 70%, more typically from about from about 10 to about 40% of a crosslinking agent; and (3) up to about 25%, typically up to about 20%, other compatible comonomers.

1. Conjugated Diene

The key monomer used in making the polymers of the present invention is a conjugated diene having at least 5 carbon atoms (preferably from 5 to 10 carbon atoms) and having the formula:

wherein at least one R₁ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, the other R₁ being H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, phenyl, carboxylate, carboxamide, C₁-C₁₂ ester or a mixture thereof. Suitable conjugated dienes according to the above formula include 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene), 2-amyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-3-propyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene (piperylene), 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2-methyl-3-propyl-1,3-pentadiene, and mixtures thereof. Examples of preferred conjugated dienes include isoprene, 2-amyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, and especially 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene,.

2. Crosslinking Agent

Another monomer used in making the polymers of the present invention is a crosslinking agent having the formula:

wherein each A is a cleavable linking group that activates the double bond; R₂ is C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, C₂-C₁₂ alkenylene, C₆-C₁₂ arylene, C₇-C₁₈ arylalkylene, C₄-C₁₂ heteroarylene, C₆-C18 heteroarylalkylene, C₈-C₁₈ arylalkenylene, C₈-C₁₈ heteroarylalkenylene, or mixtures thereof; R₃ are H, halo, carboxy, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ ester, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₄-C₁₂ heteroaryl, or mixtures thereof; n is at least 2 The various R₂, and R₃ substituents can be substituted (e.g., hydroxyalkyl), can be unsubstituted, or can be mixtures of substituted and unsubstituted. As used herein, a “cleavable linking group” (CLG) represents any molecular segment that is labile with respect to attack by water and/or oxygen, but is stable when exposed to levels of humidity normally encountered in the atmosphere. Examples of CLGs include carboxy ester groups, amide groups, carbonate ester groups, sulfonate ester groups, phosphonate ester groups, carboxy anhydride groups, sulfonic anhydride groups, ether groups, thioether groups, carbon-to-carbon double bond (e.g., olefinic) groups, and the like. Ether and olefinic linking groups are labile with respect to autooxidation that leads ultimately to chain scission.

Particularly suitable cleavable linking groups A include carboxy ester groups, amide groups, and ether groups. Suitable crosslinking agents for making polymers having carboxy ester or amide linking groups include di-, tri-, and tetra- (meth)acrylates, and di-, tri-, and tetra-(meth)acrylamides. Representative examples of such crosslinking agents include ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 2-butenediol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, hydroquinone dimethacrylate, catechol dimethacrylate, resorcinol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate; trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, hydroquinone diacrylate, catechol diacrylate, resorcinol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate; pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, 2-butenediol diacrylate, tetramethylene diacrylate, trimethyol propane triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, N-methylolacrylamide, 1,2-ethylene bisacrylamide, 1,4-butane bisacrylamide, and mixtures thereof

Preferred crosslinking agents in making polymers according to the present invention are acrylates or methacrylates having the formula:

wherein R₂ is C₂-C₆ alkylene or oxyalkylene; R₃ is H or methyl; and n is 2 to 4. Particularly preferred crosslinking agents according to the above formula include ethylene glycol diacrylate and dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate and dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate and dimethacrylate, 2-butenediol diacrylate and dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and trimethacrylate, and mixtures thereof.

3. Other Compatible Comonomers

Polymers according to the present invention can be made using other compatible comonomers in addition to the conjugated diene and optional crosslinking agents. These optional compatible comonomers typically modify the glass transition (Tg) properties of the resulting polymer, its modulus (strength), and its toughness. These comonomers should not substantially affect the biodegradability or compostability of the resulting polymer. Suitable optional comonomers include those having a double bond that will copolymerize with the conjugated diene, and/or crosslinking agent. Illustrative copolymerizable monomers of this type include acrylic and alpha-alkyl acrylic acids, and the esters, amides and nitriles thereof, such as acrylic acid, chloroacrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, isodecyl methacrylate, dodecyl (lauryl) methacrylate, tetradecyl methacrylate, acrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-dimethyl-methacrylamide, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and the like; maleic and fumaric acids, their anhydrides, and their alkyl esters such as maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleate, and the like; vinyl alkyl ethers and ketones such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone, and isobutyl vinyl ketone; vinylpyridine; N-vinylcarbazone; N-vinylpyrrolidine; acrolein; vinyl acetal; vinyl butyral; vinylferrocene, vinyltitanocene, methyl vinylsulfone, vinylpyridine, 2-vinylbutadiene, and the like, as well as mixtures of these monomers. Generally, the inclusion of these comonomers will reduce the extent of biodegradation in a given period of time. Thus, it is preferred that about 10% or less of these comonomers be included in the total monomer mixture. For the polymer to be biodegradable, the blocks or sequences of repeat units that are derived from these comonomers are also sufficiently short to be completely biodegradable.

D. Preparation of Biodegradable/Compostable Polymers

1. In General

Polymers according to the present invention are generally prepared from a combination of monomers with a suitable initiator. Polymerization can take place in one phase or two, with the initiator in either phase. Suitable initiators include anionic initiators (e.g., alkyl lithium), cationic initiators (e.g., metal chlorides), coordination catalysts, or free radical initiators. Anionic initiators in inert solvents are useful for preparing block copolymers such as those used as elastomers and adhesives. Free radical initiators are useful in solution and bulk polymerizations, as well as two phase systems comprising monomers dispersed in water (latex, emulsion, or suspension type). Typically, heat and/or certain transition metals are used to activate this free radical system. For a general description of processes for preparing polymers according to the present invention, see Odian, supra and McGrath, J. E.; J. Chem. Ed., 1981, 58(11), 844-861.

Besides the monomers and the initiator, various optional adjuvants can be used in preparing polymers according to the present invention. These optional adjuvants typically are included for the purpose of modifying the stability, color, strength, or other properties of the resultant polymer. Suitable adjuvants include antioxidants such as Hindered Amine Light: Stabilizers (HALS) such as bis-(1,2,2,5,5-pentamethylpiperidinyl) sebacate (Tinuvin 765), and Hindered Phenolic Stabilizers (HPS) such as Irganox 1076 and t-butylhydroxyquinone. Surprisingly, it has been found that the inclusion of these antioxidants can in some cases promote the biodegradability of the polymers. Without being bound by theory, it is believed these adjuvants prevent the premature autooxidation of the unsaturated polymer chain leading to excess crosslinking and associated attenuation in the required elements for biodegradation described hereinabove. Other adjuvants include, dyes, pigments, flame retardants, fillers such as carbon black, calcium carbonate, silicates, and other particulate additives well known to those skilled in the art, preformed polymers such as polyisoprene, and plasticizers. Suitable plasticizers include dioctyl azelate, dioctyl sebacate, or dioctyl adipate and other long chain length alkyl esters of di-, tri-, and tetra-carboxylic acids such as azelaic, sebacic, adipic, phthalic, terephthalic, isophthalic, and the like. Effective amounts of these plasticizers are typically in the range of from about 5 to 30% by weight of the polymer, more typically from about 7 to about 15% by weight of the polymer.

Because the monomer mixture includes a crosslinking agent, the polymers prepared according to the present invention will be thermosets. These thermosetting polymers will not flow at higher temperatures to any large degree, are generally not extrudable and are generally amorphous. Thermosets have the advantage of being relatively immune to stress relaxation or creep at temperatures above the Tg of the polymer. To the extent that creep or stress relaxation occur in these thermosets, the effect is not permanent and upon release of the deforming load, the thermoset will return to its original shape and strength. Thermosets also have the property of being insoluble in any solvent unless chemical degradation occurs. When exposed to some solvents, thermosets can swell considerably and imbibe the solvent. However, no true solution can occur as long as the crosslinks remain intact.

2. Emulsion Polymerization

Emulsified polymers or latexes according to the present invention can be prepared by polymerization of certain oil-in-water emulsions having about equal volumes of water and oil. Emulsions of this general type are well known in the art. See Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Volume 8, (2nd Edition, Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1988, p 647 and Chapter 4 in Odian, supra. The chemical nature and properties of the latex are determined by the type of conjugated dienes, crosslinking agents, and comonomers present in the emulsion:

a. Oil Phase Components

The monomer component present in the oil phase of the emulsion normally comprises: (1) from about 50 to about 98%, more preferably from about 60 to about 75%, most preferably from about 65 to about 70%, of one or more conjugated dienes as previously described; (2) from about 2 to about 50%, more preferably from about 5 to about 40%, most preferably from about 6 to about 10%, of one or more of the crosslinking agents as previously described; and (3) optionally a comonomer as previously described in amounts ranging up to about 25%.

The oil phase can optionally comprise an oil soluble free radical initiator, such as azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The initiator can be present at up to about 20 mole percent based on the total moles of polymerizable monomers present in the oil phase. More preferably, the initiator is present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 10 mole percent based on the total moles of polymerizable monomers in the oil phase. Other optional adjuvants include, antioxidants, fillers, dyes, pigments, plasticizers, processing aids, and the like well known to those skilled in the art. See Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, ibid, pp 665-666.

b. Water Phase Components

The continuous water phase of the emulsion generally comprises one or more dissolved components. One important component is a surfactant, usually a hydrophilic surfactant having a high HLB value, i.e., from about 10 to about 20, preferably from about 15 to about 20. One such preferred surfactant is a sulfonated linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS). However, many other similar surfactants well known to those skilled in the art can be used as well. Other optional components include water soluble free radical initiators such as potassium persulfate, and electrolytes. The electrolyte can be any inorganic salt capable of imparting ionic strength to the aqueous phase. Preferred electrolytes are those discussed hereafter in the section on HIPE-type emulsions.

c. Formation of the Latex

Emulsion polymerization typically involves the steps of: 1) forming an oil-in-water emulsion; and 2) polymerizing or curing the emulsion. The emulsion is typically formed by combining the water and oil phases under high shear to make a thin, generally white emulsion roughly the consistency and appearance of milk. The polymerization or curing step typically involves storage at elevated temperatures for a period of time sufficient to complete the free radical polymerization process. This yields a generally phase stable milky emulsion of cured colloidal polymer particles in a continuous water phase.

3. Bulk Polymers

Bulk polymers according to the present invention can be prepared by simply combining the monomers with a suitable initiator, often followed by heating to expedite the polymerization reaction. A representative example would be the combination of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers (70:30 weight ratio) with azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator, followed by heating overnight at 60° C. The resulting product is a clear flexible polymer in the shape of the reaction vessel. Antioxidants such as Tinuvin 765 can be added prior to polymerization.

4. HIPE Foams

Polymeric foams according to the present invention can be prepared by polymerization of certain water-in-oil emulsions having a relatively high ratio of water phase to oil phase. Emulsions of this type that have these relatively high water to oil phase ratios are commonly known in the art as high internal phase emulsions (“HIPEs” or “HIPE” emulsions). The polymeric foam materials which result from the polymerization of such emulsions are referred to hereafter as “HIPE foams.”

The relative amounts of the water and oil phases used to form the HIPEs are, among many other parameters, important in determining the structural, mechanical and performance properties of the resulting polymeric foams. In particular, the ratio of water to oil in the emulsion can influence the density, cell size, and capillary absorption pressure of the foam, as well as the dimensions of the struts that form the foam. The emulsions used to prepare these HIPE will generally have water-to-oil phase ratios ranging from about 12:1 to about 100:1, more preferably from about 20:1 to about 70:1, most preferably from about 25:1 to about 50:1.

a. Oil Phase Components

The monomer component present in the oil phase of the HIPE comprises one or more conjugated dienes as previously described. The conjugated diene(s) will normally comprise from about 30 to about 95%, more preferably from about 60 to about 90%, most preferably from about 65 to about 80%, of the monomer component.

The monomer component also comprises one or more crosslinking agents. The crosslinking agent will generally comprise from 5 to about 70%, more preferably from about 10 to about 40%, most preferably from about 20 to about 35%, of the monomer component.

Depending upon the type and amounts of conjugated diene(s), monomers and crosslinking agents used, and depending further upon the desired characteristics of the resulting polymeric foams, the comonomers can be selected from any of those previously described. The comonomer of whatever type will generally be employed in the oil phase of he HIPE in an amount up to about 25%, more preferably up to about 20%, of the monomer component.

Another essential component of the oil phase is an emulsifier that permits the formation of stable HIPEs. Such emulsifiers are those which are soluble in the oil phase of the emulsion. These emulsifiers can also plasticize and/or hydrophilize the resulting polymeric foam. These emulsifiers are typically nonionic and include the diglycerol monoesters3 of branched C₁₆-C₂₄ fatty acids, linear unsaturated C₁₆-C₂₂ fatty acids, or linear saturated C₁₂-C₁₄ fatty acids, such as diglycerol monooleate (i.e., diglycerol monoesters of C18:1 fatty acids), diglycerol monomyristate, diglycerol monoisostearate, and diglycerol monoesters of coconut fatty acids; sorbitan monoesters of branched C₁₆-C₂₄ fatty acids, linear unsaturated C₁₆-C₂₂ fatty acids, and linear saturated C₁₂-C₁₄ fatty acids, such as sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monomyristate, and sorbitan monoesters derived from coconut fatty acids; diglycerol monoaliphatic ethers of branched C₁₆-C₂₄ alcohols (e.g. Guerbet alcohols), linear unsaturated C₁₆-C₂₂ alcohols, and linear saturated C₁₂-C₁₄ alcohols (e.g., coconut fatty alcohols), and mixtures of these emulsifiers. Preferred emulsifiers include diglycerol monooleate, diglycerol monoisostearate, diglycerol monomyristate, the cocoyl (e.g., lauryl and myristoyl) ethers of diglycerol, sorbitan laurate (e.g., SPAN® 20), sorbitan monooleate (e.g., SPAN® 80), and mixtures thereof.

For the certain preferred emulsifier systems comprising a diglycerol monooleate, coemulsifiers such as diglycerol monoisostearate can be employed, usually at a weight ratio of diglycerol monooleate:diglycerol monoisostearate within the range of from about 10:1 to about 1:0. Preferably, this weight ratio is in the range of from about 4:1 to about 1:1.

Diglycerol monoesters of linear unsaturated and branched fatty acids useful as emulsifiers in the present invention can be prepared by esterifying diglycerol with fatty acids, using procedures well known in the art. See, for example, the method for preparing polyglycerol esters disclosed in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference. Diglycerol can be obtained commercially or can be separated from polyglycerols that are high in diglycerol. Linear unsaturated and branched fatty acids can be obtained commercially. The mixed ester product of the esterification reaction can be fractionally distilled under vacuum one or more times to yield distillation fractions that are high in diglycerol monoesters. For example, a A CMS-15)A (C.V.C. Products Inc.; Rochester, N.Y.) continuous 14 inch centrifugal molecular still can be used for fractional distillation. Typically, the polyglycerol ester feedstock, while being heated, is first metered through a degasser unit and then to the heated evaporator cone of the still, where the vacuum distillation takes place. Distillate is collected on the bell jar surface, which can be heated to facilitate distillate removal. Distillate and residue are continuously removed by transfer pumps. The fatty acid composition of the resultant mixed ester product can be determined using high resolution gas chromatography. See copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference. Polyglycerol and polyglycerol ester distribution of the resultant mixed ester product can be determined by capillary supercritical chromatography. See copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference.

Linear saturated, linear unsaturated, or branched diglycerol monoaliphatic ethers can also be prepared and their composition determined using procedures well known in the art See also copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/370,920 (Stephen A. Goldman et al), filed Jan. 10, 1995, Case No. 5540, which is incorporated by reference.

Sorbitan monoesters of linear unsaturated and branched fatty acids can be obtained commercially or prepared using methods known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,103,047 (Zaki et al), issued Jul. 25, 1978 (herein incorporated by reference), especially column 4, line 32 to column 5, line 13. The mixed sorbitan ester product can be fractionally vacuum distilled to yield compositions that are high in sorbitan monoesters. Sorbitan ester compositions can be determined by methods well known in the art such as small molecule gel permeation chromatography. See copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/370,920 (Stephen A. Goldman et al), filed Jan. 10, 1995, Case No. 5540 (herein incorporated by reference), which describes the use of this method for polyglycerol monoaliphatic ethers.

The oil phase used to form the HIPEs will generally comprise from about 65 to about 98% by weight monomer component and from about 2 to about 35% by weight emulsifier component. Preferably, the oil phase will comprise from about 80 to about 97% by weight monomer component and from about 3 to about 20% by weight emulsifier component.

In addition to the monomer and emulsifier components, the oil phase can contain other optional components. One such optional component is an oil soluble polymerization initiator of the general type well known to those skilled in the art, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,820 (Bass et al), issued Mar. 1, 1994, which is incorporated by reference. A preferred optional component is an antioxidant such as a Hindered Amide Light Stabilizer (HALS) and Hindered Phenolic Stabilizers (HPS) as previously described or any other antioxidant compatible with the initiator system to be employed. Another preferred optional component is a plasticizer such as dioctyl azelate, dioctyl sebacate or dioctyl adipate, as previously described. Other optional components include plasticizers, fillers, and the like described above.

b. Water Phase Components

The dispersed internal water phase of the HIPE is generally an aqueous solution containing one or more dissolved components. One essential dissolved component of the water phase is a water-soluble electrolyte. The dissolved electrolyte minimizes the tendency of conjugated dienes, crosslinkers, and comonomers that are primarily oil soluble to also dissolve in the water phase. This, in turn, is believed to minimize the extent to which polymeric material fills the cell windows at the oil/water interfaces formed by the water phase droplets during polymerization. Thus, the presence of electrolyte and the resulting ionic strength of the water phase is believed to determine whether and to what degree the resulting preferred polymeric foams can be open-celled.

Any electrolyte capable of imparting ionic strength to the water phase can be used. Preferred electrolytes are mono-, di-, or trivalent inorganic salts such as the water-soluble halides, e.g., chlorides, nitrates and sulfates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. Examples include sodium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate. Calcium chloride is the most preferred for use in the present invention. Generally the electrolyte will be utilized in the water phase of the HIPEs in a concentration in the range of from about 0.2 to about 20% by weight of the water phase. More preferably, the electrolyte will comprise from about 1 to about 10% by weight of the water phase.

The HIPEs will also typically contain a polymerization initiator. Such an initiator component is generally added to the water phase of the HIPEs and can be any conventional water-soluble free radical initiator. These include peroxygen compounds such as sodium, potassium and ammonium persulfates, hydrogen peroxide, sodium peracetate, sodium percarbonate and the like. Conventional redox initiator systems can also be used. Such systems are formed by combining the foregoing peroxygen compounds with reducing agents such as sodium bisulfite, L-ascorbic acid or ferrous salts.

The initiator material can be present at up to about 20 mole percent based on the total moles of polymerizable monomers present in the oil phase. More preferably, the initiator is present in an amount of from about 0.001 to 10 mole percent based on the total moles of polymerizable monomers in the oil phase.

c. Hydrophilizing Surfactants and Hydratable Salts

The polymer forming the HIPE foam structure will preferably be substantially free of polar functional groups. This means the polymeric foam will be relatively hydrophobic in character. These hydrophobic foams can find utility where the absorption of hydrophobic fluids is desired. Uses of this sort include those where an oily component is mixed with water and it is desired to separate and isolate the oily component, such as in the case of oil spills.

When these foams are to be used as absorbents for aqueous fluids such as juice spills, milk, and the like and/or body fluids such as urine and/or menses, they generally require further treatment to render the foam relatively more hydrophilic. This can generally be accomplished by treating the HIPE foam with a hydrophilizing surfactant in a manner described more fully hereafter.

These hydrophilizing surfactants can be any material that enhances the water wettability of the polymeric foam. They are well known in the art, and can include a variety of surfactants, preferably of the nonionic type. They will generally be liquid form, and can be dissolved or dispersed in a hydrophilizing solution that is applied to the HIPE foam surface. In this manner, hydrophilizing surfactants can be adsorbed by the preferred HIPE foams in amounts suitable for rendering the surfaces thereof substantially hydrophilic, but without substantially impairing the desired flexibility and compression deflection characteristics of the foam. Such surfactants can include all of those previously described for use as the oil phase emulsifier for the HIPE, such as diglycerol monooleate and diglycerol monoisostearate. Such hydrophilizing surfactants can be incorporated into the foam during HIPE formation and polymerization, or can be incorporated by treatment of the polymeric foam with a solution or suspension of the surfactant in a suitable carrier or solvent. In preferred foams, the hydrophilizing surfactant is incorporated such that residual amounts of the surfactant that remain in the foam structure are in the range from about 0.5 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 6%, by weight of the foam.

Another material that typically needs to be incorporated with these surfactants into the HIPE foam structure is a hydratable, and preferably hygroscopic or deliquescent, water soluble inorganic salt, especially if the foam is to remain in a relatively thin (collapsed) state after drying. Such salts include, for example, toxicologically acceptable alkaline earth metal salts. Salts of this type and their use with oil-soluble surfactants as the foam hydrophilizing agent is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,711 (DesMarais), issued Oct. 4, 1994, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. Preferred salts of this type include the calcium halides such as calcium chloride that, as previously noted, can also be employed as the water phase electrolyte in the HIPE.

Hydratable inorganic salts can easily be incorporated by treating the foams with aqueous solutions of such salts. These salt solutions can generally be used to treat the foams after completion of, or as part of, the process of removing the residual water phase from the just-polymerized foams. Treatment of foams with such solutions preferably deposits hydratable inorganic salts such as calcium chloride in residual amounts of at least about 0.1% by weight of the foam, and typically in the range of from about 0. 1 to about 12%, preferably from about 7 to about 10%, by weight of the foam.

Treatment of these relatively hydrophobic foams with hydrophilizing surfactants (with or without hydratable salts) will typically be carried out to the extent necessary to impart suitable hydrophilicity to the foam. Some foams of the preferred HIPE type, however, are suitably hydrophilic as prepared, and can have incorporated therein sufficient amounts of hydratable salts, thus requiring no additional treatment with hydrophilizing surfactants or hydratable salts. In particular, such preferred HIPE foams include those where certain oil phase emulsifiers previously described and calcium chloride are used in the HIPE. In those instances, the surface of the polymeric foam will be suitably hydrophilic, and will include residual water-phase liquid containing or depositing sufficient amounts of calcium chloride, even after the polymeric foam has been dewatered to a practicable extent.

d. Processing Conditions for Obtaining HIPE Foams

Foam preparation typically involves the steps of: 1) forming a stable high internal phase emulsion (HIPE); 2) polymerizing/curing this stable emulsion under conditions suitable for forming a solid polymeric foam structure; 3) optionally washing the solid polymeric foam structure to remove the original residual water phase from the polymeric foam structure and, if necessary, treating the polymeric foam structure with a hydrophilizing agent and/or hydratable salt to deposit any needed hydrophilizing agent/hydratable salt, and 4) thereafter dewatering this polymeric foam structure.

(1). Formation of HIPE

The HIPE is formed by combining the oil and water phase components in the previously specified weight ratios. The oil phase will typically contain the requisite conjugated dienes, crosslinkers, comonomers and emulsifiers, as well as optional components such as plasticizers, antioxidants, flame retardants, and chain transfer agents. The water phase will typically contain electrolytes and polymerization initiators, as well as optional components such as water-soluble emulsifiers.

The HIPE can be formed by subjecting the combined oil and water phases to shear agitation. Shear agitation is generally applied to the extent and for a time period necessary to form a stable emulsion. Such a process can be conducted in either batchwise or continuous fashion and is generally carried out under conditions suitable for forming an emulsion where the water phase droplets are dispersed to such an extent that the resulting polymeric foam will have the requisite cell size and other structural characteristics. Emulsification of the oil and water phase combination will frequently involve the use of a mixing or agitation device such as a pin impeller.

One preferred method of forming such HIPEs involves a continuous process that combines and emulsifies the requisite oil and water phases. In such a process, a liquid stream comprising the oil phase is formed. Concurrently, a separate liquid stream comprising the water phase is also formed. The two separate streams are then combined in a suitable mixing chamber or zone such that the desired water to oil phase weight ratios are achieved.

In the mixing chamber or zone, the combined streams are generally subjected to shear agitation provided, for example, by a pin impeller of suitable configuration and dimensions. Once formed, the stable liquid HIPE can be withdrawn from the mixing chamber or zone. This preferred method for forming HIPEs via a continuous process is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,720 (DesMarais et al), issued Sep. 22, 1992, which is incorporated by reference. See also copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/370,694 (Thomas A. DesMarais), filed Jan. 19, 1995, Case No. 5543 (herein incorporated by reference), which describes an improved continuous process having a recirculation loop for the HIPE. Because the conjugated diene monomers used in the present invention can be relatively volatile, the equipment used to form the HIPE should be able to withstand the pressures developed by these monomers at the required temperatures.

(2). Polymerization/Curing of the HIPE

The HIPE formed will generally be collected or poured in a suitable reaction vessel. In one embodiment, the reaction vessel comprises a tub constructed of polyethylene from which the eventually polymerized/cured solid foam material can be easily removed for further processing after polymerization/curing has been carried out to the extent desired. It is usually preferred that the temperature at which the HIPE is poured into the vessel be approximately the same as the polymerization/curing temperature.

Suitable polymerization/curing conditions will vary depending upon the monomer and other makeup of the oil and water phases of the emulsion (especially the emulsifier systems used), and the type and amounts of polymerization initiators used. Frequently, however, suitable polymerization/curing conditions will involve maintaining the HIPE at temperatures above about 30° C., more preferably above about 35° C., for a time period ranging from about 2 to about 64 hours, more preferably from about 4 to about 48 hours. For relatively volatile conjugated diene monomers used in the present invention, pressurization of the vessel containing the HIPE can be required to prevent these monomers from boiling off. The HIPE can also be cured in stages such as descried in U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,070 (Brownscombe et al), issued Feb. 23, 1993, which is herein incorporated by reference.

A porous water-filled open-celled HIPE foam is typically obtained after polymerization/curing in a reaction vessel, such as a tub. This polymerized HIPE foam is typically cut or sliced into a sheet-like form. Sheets of polymerized HIPE foam are easier to process during subsequent treating/washing and dewatering steps, as well as to prepare the HIPE foam for use in absorbent articles. The polymerized HIPE foam is typically cut/sliced to provide a cut caliper in the range of from about 0.08 to about 2.5 cm. During subsequent dewatering, this can lead to collapsed HIPE foams having a thickness of from about 10 to about 17% of this cut thickness.

(3). Treating/Washing HIPE Foam

The polymerized HIPE foam formed will generally be filled with residual water phase material used to prepare the HIPE. This residual water phase material (generally an aqueous solution of electrolyte, residual emulsifier, and polymerization initiator) should be at least partially removed prior to further processing and use of the foam. Removal of this original water phase material will usually be carried out by compressing the foam structure to squeeze out residual liquid and/or by washing the foam structure with water or other aqueous washing solutions. Frequently several compressing and washing steps, e.g., from 2 to 4 cycles, will be used.

After the original water phase material has been removed to the extent required, the HIPE foam, if needed, can be treated, e.g., by continued washing, with an aqueous solution of a suitable hydrophilizing agent and/or hydratable salt. Hydrophilizing surfactants and hydratable salts that can be employed have been previously described and include sorbitan laurate (e.g., SPAN® 20) and calcium chloride. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,777 (DesMarais et al), issued Mar. 8, 1994, which is incorporated by reference.

(4). Foam Dewatering

Dewatering can be achieved by compressing the foam to squeeze out residual water, by subjecting the foam, or the water therein to temperatures of from about 60° C. to about 200° C., or to microwave treatment, by vacuum dewatering or by a combination of compression and thermal drying/microwave/vacuum dewatering techniques. The dewatering step will generally be carried out until the HIPE foam is ready for use and is as dry as practicable. Frequently such compression dewatered foams will have a water (moisture) content of from about 50 to about 500%, more preferably from about 50 to about 200%, by weight on a dry weight basis. Subsequently, the compressed foams can be thermally dried to a moisture content of from about 5 to about 40%, more preferably from about 5 to about 15%, on a dry weight basis.

e. Characteristics of HIPE Foams

Polymeric foams according to the present invention useful in absorbent articles and structures are those which are relatively open-celled. This means the individual cells of the foam are in complete, unobstructed communication with adjoining cells. The cells in such substantially open-celled foam structures have intercellular openings or “windows” that are large enough to permit ready fluid transfer from one cell to the other within the foam structure.

These substantially open-celled foam structures will generally have a reticulated character with the individual cells being defined by a plurality of mutually connected, three dimensionally branched webs. The strands of polymeric material making up these branched webs can be referred to as “struts.” Open-celled foams having a typical strut-type structure are shown by way of example in the photomicrographs of FIGS. 1 and 2. For purposes of the present invention, a foam material is “open-celled” if at least 80% of the cells in the foam structure that are at least 1 μm size are in fluid communication with at least one adjacent cell.

In addition to being open-celled, these polymeric foams can be sufficiently hydrophilic to permit the foam to absorb aqueous fluids. The foam structures are rendered hydrophilic by residual hydrophilizing agents left therein after polymerization, or by selected post-polymerization foam treatment procedures, as previously described. The extent to which these polymeric foams are “hydrophilic” can be quantified by the “adhesion tension” value exhibited when in contact with an absorbable test liquid. Such a procedure is described in the TEST METHODS section of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference. Foams which are useful as absorbents in the present invention are generally those which exhibit an adhesion tension value of from about 15 to about 65 dynes/cm, more preferably from about 20 to about 65 dynes/cm., as determined by capillary absorption of synthetic urine having a surface tension of 65±5 dynes/cm.

The polymeric foams of the present invention can be prepared in the form of collapsed (i.e. unexpanded), polymeric foams that, upon contact with aqueous body fluids, expand and absorb such fluids. As previously described, these collapsed polymeric foams are usually obtained by expressing water from the resultant polymerized HIPE through compressive forces, and/or thermal drying, or vacuum dewatering. After compression, and/or thermal drying/vacuum dewatering, the polymeric foam is in a collapsed, or unexpanded state.

The cellular structure of a collapsed HIPE foam from which water has been expressed by compression will appear distorted, especially when compared to the HIPE foam structure shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. (The foam structure shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is in its expanded state.) The voids or holes of this collapsed foam structure will appear flattened or elongated.

After compression, and/or thermal drying/vacuum dewatering to a practicable extent, these polymeric foams have residual water that includes both the water of hydration associated with the hydroscopic, hydrated salt incorporated therein, as well as free water absorbed within the foam. It is this residual water (assisted by the hydrated salts) that is believed to exert capillary pressures on the resulting collapsed foam structure. Collapsed polymeric foams of the present invention can have residual water contents of at least about 4%, typically from about 4 to about 30%, by weight of the foam when stored at ambient conditions of 72° F. (22° C.) and 50% relative humidity. Preferred collapsed polymeric foams have residual water contents of from about 5 to about 15% by weight of the foam.

In its collapsed state, the capillary pressures developed within the foam structure at least equal the forces exerted by the elastic recovery or modulus of the compressed polymer. The elastic recovery tendency of polymeric foams can be determined from stress-strain experiments where the expanded foam is compressed to about 25% of its original, expanded caliper (thickness) and then held in this compressed state until an equilibrium or relaxed stress value is measured. For the purposes of the present invention, the equilibrium relaxed stress value is determined from measurements on the polymeric foam in its collapsed state when in contact with aqueous fluids, e.g., water. This alternative relaxed stress value is hereafter referred to as the “expansion pressure” of the foam. A detailed description of a procedure for determining the expansion pressure of foams is set forth in the TEST METHODS section of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference. The expansion pressure for collapsed polymeric foams of the present invention is about 30 kiloPascals (kPa) or less and typically from about 7 to about 20 kPa, i.e. the expansion pressure is within a relatively narrow range.

It has been found that the specific surface area per foam volume is particularly useful for empirically defining foam structures that will remain in a collapsed state. See copending, U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference, where specific area per foam volume is discussed in detail. As used herein, “specific surface area per foam volume” refers to the capillary suction specific surface area of the foam structure times the foam density. Polymeric foams according to the present invention having specific surface area per foam volume values of at least about 0.025 m²/cc, preferably at least about 0.05 m²/cc, most preferably at least about 0.07 m²/cc, have been found empirically to remain in a collapsed state.

“Capillary suction specific surface area” is, in general, a measure of the test-liquid-accessible surface area of the polymeric network forming a particular foam per unit mass of the bulk foam material (polymer structural material plus solid residual material). The capillary suction specific surface area is a key feature that influences the capillarity (or capillary absorption pressure) exhibited by an open-celled foam, including those of the present invention. For purposes of this invention, capillary suction specific surface area is determined by measuring the amount of capillary absorption of a low surface tension liquid (e.g., ethanol) which occurs within a foam sample of a known mass and dimensions. A detailed description of such a procedure for determining foam specific surface area via the capillary suction method is set forth in the TEST METHODS section of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al.), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference. Any reasonable alternative method for determining capillary suction specific surface area can also be utilized. The collapsed polymeric foams of the present invention useful as absorbents are those that have a capillary suction specific surface area of at least about 0.3 m²/g. Typically, the capillary suction specific surface area is in the range from about 0.7 to about 8 m²/g, preferably from about 1 to about 7 m²/g, most preferably from about 1.5 to about 6 m²/g.

A feature that can be useful in defining preferred collapsed polymeric foams is cell size. Foam cells, and especially cells that are formed by polymerizing a monomer-containing oil phase that surrounds relatively monomer-free water-phase droplets, will frequently be substantially spherical in shape. The size or “diameter” of such spherical cells is a commonly used parameter for characterizing foams in general. Since cells in a given sample of polymeric foam will not necessarily be of approximately the same size, an average cell size, i.e., average cell diameter, will often be specified.

A number of techniques are available for determining the average cell size of foams. These techniques include mercury porosimetry methods that are well known in the art. The most useful technique, however, for determining cell size in foams involves a simple measurement based on the scanning electron photomicrograph of a foam sample. Such a technique is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,788,225 (Edwards et al), issued Nov. 29, 1988, which is incorporated by reference. The cell size measurements given herein are based on the number average cell size of the foam in its expanded state e.g., as shown in FIG. 1. The foams useful as absorbents for aqueous body fluids in accordance with the present invention will preferably have a number average cell size of about 50 μms or less and typically in the range of from about 5 to about 50 μm. More preferably, the number average cell size will be in the range from about 5 to about 40 μm, most preferably, from about 5 to about 35 μm.

“Foam density” (i.e., in grams of foam per cubic centimeter of foam volume in air) is specified herein on a dry basis. The amount of absorbed aqueous liquid, e.g., residual salts and liquid left in the foam, for example, after HIPE polymerization, washing and/or hydrophilization, is disregarded in calculating and expressing foam density. Foam density does include, however, other residual materials such as emulsifiers present in the polymerized foam. Such residual materials can, in fact, contribute significant mass to the foam material.

Any suitable gravimetric procedure that will provide a determination of mass of solid foam material per unit volume of foam structure can be used to measure foam density. For example, an ASTM gravimetric procedure described more fully in the TEST METHODS section of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992 (herein incorporated by reference) is one method that can be employed for density determination. In their expanded state, polymeric foams of the present invention useful as absorbents have dry basis density values in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.05 g/cc, preferably from about 0.02 to about 0.03 g/cc.

A particularly important property of absorbent foams of the present invention in their expanded state is their density upon saturation with synthetic urine, relative to the dry basis density of the absorbent foam in its collapsed state. The density of the expanded foam, relative to its dry basis density in its collapsed (compressed) state, provides a measure of the relative thickness of the foam in its expanded state. This provides a particularly relevant measure of how thin the foam is when expanded and when saturated with synthetic urine.

For the purposes of the present invention, the density of the absorbent foams in their expanded state is measured by the procedure described more fully in the Test Methods section of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference. The density of the foam measured in its expanded state (i.e., after being wetted with aqueous fluid) is then related, as a percentage, to the dry basis density of the foam in its collapsed state. The density of the foam in its expanded state can be in the range of from about 10 to about 50% of its dry basis density in its collapsed state, and is preferably in the range of from about 10 to about 30%, most preferably from about 15 to about 25%.

An important mechanical feature of the absorbent polymeric foams of this invention is their strength in their expanded state, as determined by its resistance to compression deflection (RTCD). The RTCD exhibited by the foams herein is a function of the polymer modulus, as, well as the density and structure of the foam network. The polymer modulus is, in turn, determined by a) the polymer composition; b) the conditions under which the foam was polymerized (for example, the completeness of polymerization obtained, specifically with respect to crosslinking); and c) the extent to which the polymer is plasticized by residual material, e.g., emulsifiers, left in the foam structure after processing.

To be useful as absorbents in absorbent articles such as diapers, the foams of the present invention must be suitably resistant to deformation or compression by forces encountered in use when such absorbent materials are engaged in the absorption and retention of fluids. Foams which do not possess sufficient foam strength in terms of RTCD may be able to acquire and store acceptable amounts of body fluid under no-load conditions but will too easily give up such fluid under the compressive stress caused by the motion and activity of the user of the absorbent articles that contain the foam.

The RTCD exhibited by the polymeric foams of the present invention can be quantified by determining the amount of strain produced in a sample of saturated foam held under a certain confining pressure for a specified temperature and period of time. The method for carrying out this particular type of test is described hereafter in the TEST METHODS section. The foams useful as absorbents are those which exhibit a resistance to compression deflection such that a confining pressure of 0.74 psi (5.1 kPa) produces a strain of typically from about 2 to about 80% compression of the foam structure when it has been saturated to its free absorbent capacity with synthetic urine having a surface tension of 65±5 dynes/cm. Preferably the strain produced under such conditions will be in the range from about 5 to about 40%, most preferably from about 5 to about 25%.

Recovery from compression deflection relates to the tendency or propensity of a piece of foam material to return to its original dimensions after being deformed or compressed under forces encountered in manufacture, storage or use. A suitable procedure for determining recovery from compression deflection is set forth in the TEST METHODS section of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference. Such a procedure in general involves compression and release of a standard size foam sample that has been saturated to its free absorbent capacity with synthetic urine. Preferred absorbent foams of the present invention will generally exhibit a recovery of at least 75% of the expanded caliper when wet after one minute. More preferably, such preferred foam materials will have a recovery from compression deflection at least 80% when wet.

Suitable absorbent foams will in general exhibit especially desirable and useful body fluid handling and absorbency characteristics. The fluid handling and absorbency characteristics that are most relevant to the realization of suitable absorbent foams are: A) the free absorbent capacity of the foam; B) the rate of vertical wicking of fluid through the foam structure; and C) the absorbent capacity of the foam at specific reference wicking heights.

“Free absorbent capacity” is the total amount of test fluid (synthetic urine) which a given foam sample will absorb into its cellular structure per unit mass of solid material in the sample. To be especially useful in absorbent articles for absorbing urine, the absorbent foams of the present invention should have a free capacity of at least about 12, and preferably at least about 20 mL of synthetic urine per gram of dry foam material. The procedure for determining the free absorbent capacity of the foam is described hereafter in the TEST METHODS section.

“Vertical wicking,” i.e., fluid wicking in a direction opposite from gravitational force, is an especially desirable performance attribute for absorbent foams herein. This is because such foams will frequently be utilized in absorbent articles in a manner that fluid to be absorbed must be moved within the article from a relatively lower position to a relatively higher position within the absorbent core of the article.

Vertical wicking performance is determined by measuring the time taken for a colored test liquid (e.g., synthetic urine) in a reservoir to wick a vertical distance of 5 cm through a test strip of foam of specified size. The vertical wicking performance procedure is described in greater detail in the TEST METHODS section of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992 (herein incorporated by reference), but is performed at 31° C., instead of 37° C. To be especially useful in absorbent articles for absorbing urine, the foam absorbents of the present invention will preferably vertically wick synthetic urine (65±5 dynes/cm) to a height of 5 cm in no more than about 30 minutes. More preferably, the preferred foam absorbents of the present invention will vertically wick synthetic urine to height of 5 cm in no more than about 5 minutes.

The vertical wicking absorbent capacity test measures the amount of test fluid per gram of absorbent foam that is held within each one inch (2.54 cm) vertical section of the same standard size foam sample used in the vertical wicking rate test. Such a determination is generally made after the sample has been allowed to vertically wick test fluid to equilibrium, (e.g., after about 18 hours). Like the vertical wicking rate test, the vertical wicking absorbents capacity test is described in greater detail in the TEST METHODS section of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 989,270 (Dyer et al), filed Dec. 11, 1992, which is incorporated by reference. To be especially useful in absorbent articles for absorbing urine, the preferred absorbent foams of the present invention will generally have a vertical wicking absorbent capacity such that, at 11.4 cm (4.5 inches) of vertical wicking height, the foam test strip wicks to at least about 50%, most preferably at about 75%, of its free absorbent capacity.

E. Uses of Biodegradable/Compostable Polymers

1. In General

Polymers according to the present invention are broadly useful in applications where biodegradation is ultimately desired. Indeed, the biodegradable polymers of the present invention are suitable for use in a wide variety of biodegradable articles, including packaging materials such packaging wraps, packaging used to cushion items during shipment, latexes, adhesives, foams, films, containers, such as bags, cups, bottles, insulating foam containers, microwave dinner containers (plates, utensils, etc.) and elastics. Specific applications where biodegradation can be especially desirable include controlled release coatings. In such applications, the coating degrades and allows the release of an active ingredient, such as a fertilizer or pesticide, over time. The degradation process preferably results in no accumulation of non-biodegradable components in the environment. Still other specific applications include disposable diaper backsheets, binders for nonwovens, agricultural films and coverings, and the like.

2. Latexes

Latexes according to the present invention can be used in a myriad of commercial products and applications where emulsions of this general type are employed. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 8, (2nd Edition Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1988), p 647. Many latex applications exist where disposability and/or degradability is eventually a desired feature. Representative examples include nonwovens where latexes are used as binders; paper where latexes are used as coatings; some adhesive applications where permanent stability is not desired; products where controlled release is desired (such as coated pesticides or herbicides), and the like.

In general, any application where a coating or a binder of a non-permanent nature is desired would be suitable for latexes according to the present invention. For example, a paper substrate can be coated with the latex by spraying, dipping or other means so as to produce a stronger fiber-reinforced film. If the latex is formed using a cationic surfactant (or if a cationic retention aid is used), the latex can be incorporated into the paper web by wet end addition during the forming process. The dried paper reinforced with latex forms a product useful in coated paper applications where biodegradability or compostability is desired. Latex adhesives according to the present invention can provide temporary bonding of substrates and materials that becomes weakened under conditions approximating a composting environment.

Latexes according to the present invention can be processed into the form of a film by addition of a coagulant and/or removal of water. Such films can enjoy many uses as well. A general area where degradability of films is desired is that of controlled release where an active ingredient is encapsulated by the film. The film gradually erodes or degrades over time, thus releasing the active ingredient. Applications where agricultural chemicals such as herbicides, insecticides, or fertilizers are to be released in a controlled fashion are good examples. Films according to the present invention can also be used as agricultural ground coverings to prevent undesirable weed growth. Such agricultural coverings can then be plowed under with the polymer degrading gradually over time.

3. Uses of Polymeric Foams, Including HIPE Foams

a. In General

Polymers according to the present invention prepared as open-celled foams are also broadly useful. In particular, these open-celled polymeric foams can be employed as absorbent cores in disposable diapers, as well as other absorbent articles. These open-celled foams can also be employed as environmental waste oil sorbents to allow both composting or incineration as disposal methods; can be finely ground up and used in products such as laundry granules where disposal is through the municipal sewage system.; as absorbent components in bandages or dressings; to apply paint to various surfaces; in dust mop heads; in wet mop heads; in dispensers of fluids; in packaging; in shoes; in odor/moisture sorbents; in cushions; in gloves; and for many other uses.

b. Absorbent Articles

The polymeric foams of the present invention can also be used as at least a portion of the absorbent structures (e.g., absorbent cores) for various absorbent articles. By “absorbent article” herein is meant a consumer product that is capable of absorbing significant quantities of urine or other fluids, like aqueous fecal matter (runny bowel movements), discharged by an incontinent wearer. Examples of such absorbent articles include disposable diapers, incontinence garments and pads, catamenials such as tampons and sanitary napkins, disposable training pants, bed pads, clothing shields, and the like.

In its simplest form, an absorbent article of the present invention need only include a backing sheet, typically relatively liquid-impervious, and one or more absorbent foam structures associated with this backing sheet. The absorbent foam structure and the backing sheet will be associated in such a manner that the absorbent foam structure is situated between the backing sheet and the fluid discharge region of the wearer of the absorbent article. Liquid impervious backing sheets can comprise any material, for example polyethylene or polypropylene which will help retain fluid within the absorbent article.

More conventionally, the absorbent articles herein will also include a liquid-pervious topsheet element that covers the side of the absorbent article that touches the skin of the wearer. In this configuration, the article includes an absorbent core comprising one or more absorbent foam structures of the present invention positioned between the backing sheet and the topsheet. Liquid-pervious topsheets can comprise any material such as polyester, polyolefin, rayon and the like that is substantially porous and permits body fluid to readily pass there through and into the underlying absorbent core. The topsheet material will preferably have no propensity for holding body fluids in the area of contact between the topsheet and the wearer's skin.

The absorbent core of the absorbent article embodiments of this invention can consist solely of one or more of the foam structures herein. For example, the absorbent core can comprise a single unitary piece of foam shaped as desired or needed to best fit the type of absorbent article in which it is to be used. Alternatively, the absorbent core can comprise a plurality of foam pieces or particles that can be adhesively bonded together or which can simply be constrained into an unbonded aggregate held together by means of the topsheet and backing sheet of the absorbent article.

The absorbent core of the absorbent articles herein can also comprise other conventional, elements or materials in addition to one or more absorbent foam structures of the present invention. For example, absorbent articles herein can utilize an absorbent core that comprises a combination, e.g., an air-laid mixture, of particles or pieces of the absorbent foam structures herein and conventional absorbent materials such as wood pulp or other cellulosic fibers, as well as particles or fibers of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers.

In one embodiment involving a combination of the absorbent foam herein and other absorbent materials, the absorbent articles herein can employ a multi-layer absorbent core configuration wherein a core layer containing one or more foam structures of this invention can be used in combination with one or more additional separate core layers comprising conventional absorbent structures or materials. Such conventional absorbent structures or materials, for example, can include air-laid or wet-laid webs of wood pulp or other cellulosic fibers. Such conventional structures can also comprise conventional, e.g., large cell, absorbent foams or even sponges. The conventional absorbent structures used with the absorbent foam herein can also contain, for example up to 80% by weight, of particles or fibers of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers of the type commonly used in absorbent articles that are to acquire and retain aqueous body fluids. Hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers of this type and their use in absorbent articles are more fully described in U.S. Reissue Pat. No. 32,649 (Brandt et al), reissued Apr. 19, 1988, which is incorporated by reference.

One preferred type of absorbent article herein is one that utilizes a multi-layer absorbent core having fluid handling layer positioned in the fluid discharge region of the wearer of the article. This fluid-handling layer can be in the form of a high loft nonwoven, but is preferably in the form of a fluid acquisition/distribution layer comprising a layer of modified cellulosic fibers, e.g., stiffened curled cellulosic fibers, and optionally up to about 10% by weight of this fluid acquisition/distribution layer of polymeric gelling agent. The modified cellulosic fibers used in the fluid acquisition/distribution layer of such a preferred absorbent article are preferably wood pulp fibers that have been stiffened and curled by means of chemical and/or thermal treatment. Such modified cellulosic fibers are of the same type as are employed in the absorbent articles described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,622 (Lash et al), issued Jun. 19, 1990, which is incorporated by reference.

These multi-layer absorbent cores also comprise a second lower, fluid storage/redistribution layer comprising a foam structure of the present invention. For purposes of this invention, an “upper” layer of a multi-layer absorbent core is a layer that is relatively closer to the body of the wearer, e.g., the layer closest to the article topsheet. The term “lower” layer conversely means a layer of a multi-layer absorbent core that is relatively further away from the body of the wearer, e.g., the layer closest to the article backsheet. This lower fluid storage/redistribution layer is typically positioned within the absorbent core so as to underlie the (upper) fluid-handling layer and be in fluid communication therewith. Absorbent articles that can utilize the absorbent foam structures of this invention in a lower fluid storage/redistribution layer underlying an upper fluid acquisition/distribution layer containing stiffened curled cellulosic fibers are described in greater detail in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,345 (Young et al), issued Sep. 15, 1992 which is incorporated by reference.

As indicated hereinbefore, the fluid handling and mechanical characteristics of the specific absorbent foam structures herein render such structures especially suitable for use in absorbent articles in the form of disposable diapers. Disposable diapers comprising the absorbent foam structures of the present invention can be made by using conventional diaper making techniques, but by replacing or supplementing the wood pulp fiber web (“airfelt”) or modified cellulosic core absorbents typically used in conventional diapers with one or more foam structures of the present invention. Foam structures of this invention can thus be used in diapers in single layer or, as noted hereinbefore, in various multiple layer core configurations. Articles in the form of disposable diapers are more fully described in U.S. Pat. Re No. 26,151 (Duncan et al), issued Jan. 31, 1967; U.S. Pat. No. 3,592,194 (Duncan), issued Jul. 13, 1971; U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,148 (Duncan et al), issued Jan. 13, 1970; U.S. Pat. No. 3,860,003, issued Jan. 14, 1975; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,735 (Alemany et al), issued May 30, 1989; all of which are incorporated by reference.

One such disposable diaper embodiment according to the present invention is illustrated by FIG. 7 of the drawings. Such a diaper includes an absorbent core 50, comprising an upper fluid acquisition layer 51, and an underlying fluid storage/distribution layer 52 comprising an absorbent foam structure of this invention. A topsheet 53 is superposed and co-extensive with one face of the core, and a liquid impervious backsheet 54 is superposed and coextensive with the face of the core opposite the face covered by the topsheet. The backsheet most preferably has a width greater than that of the core thereby providing side marginal portions of the backsheet which extend beyond the core. The diaper is preferably constructed in an hourglass configuration.

Another type of absorbent article which can utilize the absorbent foam structures of the present invention comprises form-fitting products such as training pants. Such form-fitting articles will generally include a nonwoven, flexible substrate fashioned into a chassis in the form of briefs or shorts. An absorbent foam structure according to the present invention can then be affixed in the crotch area of such a chassis in order to serve as an absorbent “core”. This absorbent core will frequently be over-wrapped with envelope tissue or other liquid pervious, nonwoven material. Such core overwrapping thus serves as the “topsheet” for the form-fitting absorbent article.

The flexible substrate which forms the chassis of the form-fitting article can comprise cloth or paper or other kinds of nonwoven substrate or formed films and can be elasticized or otherwise stretchable. Leg bands or waist bands of such training pants articles can be elasticized in conventional fashion to improve fit of the article. Such a substrate will generally be rendered relatively liquid-impervious, or at least not readily liquid-pervious, by treating or coating one surface thereof or by laminating this flexible substrate with another relatively liquid-impervious substrate to thereby render the total chassis relatively liquid-impervious. In this instance, the chassis itself serves as the “backsheet” for the form-fitting article. Typical training pants products of this kind are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,649 (Roberts), issued Oct. 28, 1986, which is incorporated by reference.

A typical form-fitting article in the form of a disposable training pants product is shown in FIG. 8 of the drawings. Such a product comprises an outer layer 60 affixed to a lining layer 61 by adhesion along the peripheral zones thereof. For example, the inner lining 61 can be affixed to the outer layer 60, along the periphery of one leg band area 62, along the periphery of the other leg band area 63, and along the periphery of waistband area 64. Affixed to the crotch area of the article is a generally rectangular absorbent core 65 comprising an absorbent foam structure of the present invention.

F. Test Methods

1. Resistance to Compression Deflection (RTCD)

Resistance to compression deflection can be quantified by measuring the amount of strain (% reduction in thickness) produced in a foam sample which has been saturated with synthetic urine, after a confining pressure of 0.74 psi (5.1 kPa) has been applied to the sample.

Jayco synthetic urine used in this method is prepared by dissolving a mixture of 2.0 g KCl, 2.0 g Na₂SO₄, 0.85 g NH₄H₂PO₄, 0.15 g (NH₄)₂HPO₄, 0.19 g CaCl₂, and 0.23 g MgCl₂ to 1.0 liters with distilled water. The salt mixture can be purchased from Endovations, Reading, Pa. (cat No. JA-00131-000-01).

The foam samples, Jayco synthetic urine and equipment used to make measurements are all equilibrated to a temperature of 31° C. All measurements are also performed at this temperature.

A foam sample sheet in its collapsed state is expanded and saturated to its free absorbent capacity by soaking in a bath of Jayco synthetic urine. After 3 minutes, a cylinder having a 1 in² (6.5 cm²) circular surface area is cut out of the saturated, expanded sheet with a sharp circular die. The cylindrical sample is soaked in synthetic urine at 31° C. for a further 6 minutes. The sample is then removed from the synthetic urine and is placed on a flat granite base under a gauge suitable for measuring the sample thickness. The gauge is set to exert a pressure of 0.08 psi on the sample. Any gauge fitted with a foot having a circular surface area of at least 1 in² (6.5 cm²) and capable of measuring thickness to 0.001 in (0.025 mm) can be employed. Examples of such gauges are an Ames model 482 (Ames Co.; Waltham, Mass.) or an Ono-Sokki model EG-225 (Ono-Sokki Co., Ltd.; Japan).

After 2 to 3 min., the expanded thickness (XI) is recorded. A force is then applied to the foot so that the saturated foam sample is subjected to a pressure of 0.74 psi (5.1 kPa) for 15 minutes. At the end of this time, the gauge is used to measure the final sample thickness (X2). From the initial and final thickness measurements, the percent strain induced can be calculated for the sample as follows: [(X1−X2)/X1]×100=% reduction in thickness.

2. Free Absorbent Capacity

Free absorbent capacity can be quantified by measuring the amount synthetic urine absorbed in a foam sample which has been saturated and expanded with synthetic urine.

The foam samples and Jayco synthetic urine are equilibrated to a temperature of 31° C. Measurements are performed at ambient temperature.

A foam sample sheet in its collapsed state is expanded and saturated to its free absorbent capacity by soaking in a bath of Jayco synthetic urine. After 3 minutes, a cylinder having a 1 in² (6.5 cm²) circular surface area is cut out of the saturated, expanded sheet with a sharp circular die. The cylindrical sample is soaked in synthetic urine at 31° C. for a further 3 minutes. The sample is then removed from the synthetic urine and is placed on a digital balance. Any balance fitted with a weighing pan having an area larger than that of the sample and with a resolution of 1 milligram or less can be employed. Examples of such balances are the Mettler PM 480 and Mettler PC 440 (Mettler Instrument Corp; Hightstown N.J.).

After determining the weight of the wet foam sample (Ww), it is placed between 2 fine plastic mesh screens on top of 4 disposable paper towels. The sample is squeezed 3 times by firmly rolling a plastic roller over the top screen. The sample is then removed, soaked in distilled water for approximately 2 minutes, and squeezed between mesh screens as before. It is then placed between 8 layers of disposable paper towels (4 on each side) and pressed with 20,000 lbs. of force in a Carver Laboratory Press. The sample is then removed from the paper towels, dried in a Fisher convection oven at 82° C. for 20 minutes, and its dry weight recorded (Wd).

The free absorbent capacity (FAC) is the wet weight (Ww), less the dry weight (Wd) divided by the dry weight (Wd), i.e., FAC=[(Ww−Wd)/Wd]

SPECIFIC EXAMPLES

The following are specific examples of HIPE foams and other polymer forms prepared according to the present invention:

Example 1 Preparation of HIPE Foam

A HIPE is prepared from an oil phase consisting of 7.0 g 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 3.0 g ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 0.05 g Tinuvin 765, and 0.6 g polyglycerol ether emulsifier comprising primarily diglycerol ethers of coconut fatty alcohols. To this is added an aqueous solution consisting of 300 mL water containing 3.0 g calcium chloride (anhydrous) and 0.45 g potassium persulfate in rapid dropwise fashion with stirring using a 4 prong flat-bladed paddle at 300 rpm. The addition takes approximately 5-7 minutes and results in a white creamy emulsion. The emulsion container is capped and placed in an oven set at 50° C. for 48 hrs. The container is then cut away from the water-logged foam. The foam can then be sliced and dewatered by a combination of pressure and heat resulting in a dry porous open-celled foam having a density of approximately 30 mg/cc in its expanded state.

Example 2 Preparation of HIPE Foams

The procedure of Example 1 is generally used in preparing foams with the following crosslinking agents substituted for ethylene glycol dimethacrylate: (2a) trimethylolpropane dimethacrylate; (2b) 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate; (2c) 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate; (2d) 2-butene-1,4-diol dimethacrylate; (2e) diethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Following curing and dewatering, open-celled porous foams having a density of approximately 30 mg/cc in the expanded state are obtained.

Example 3 Preparation of HIPE Foams

The procedure of Example 1 is generally used in preparing foams with the following changes. Isoprene is substituted for 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and the heated curing step is carried out in a pressurized bomb at a pressure of about 30 psi or greater. Alternative crosslinkers that can be used include 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.

Compost Testing

The foams prepared according to the general procedures of Examples 1 and 2a were submitted for compost testing by OWS of Dayton, Ohio. (Each example was scaled up to produce the quantity of material required for this test.) The foams of Examples 1 and 2a were washed with isopropyl alcohol to remove residual emulsifier, and dried under vacuum. The test results for these Examples are shown in Table 1, as well as the test results for polystyrene and polyvinyl alcohol for comparison:

TABLE 1 Sample Test Material Mineralization 1 Cellulose  75% 2 Foam 1 5.3% 3 Foam 2a 6.2% 4 Polystyrene 0.3% 5 Polyvinyl alcohol 6.7% 6 Chitosan 4.7% 7 Lignin 5.4%

Sample 1 is a positive control representing an easily biodegraded naturally occurring polymer. Samples 2 and 3 are biodegradable polymers according to the present invention, each showing greater than 5% mineralization in this test after a period of 66 days. Sample 4 is a negative control representing a non-biodegradable polymer. Samples 5 to 7 represent other polymers that are considered to be biodegradable, i.e. 5-7% mineralization.

Strum Testing

Representative foams prepared according to the above general procedures were submitted for Sturm testing (Weston Labs of Pennsylvania) after water washing. The test results are shown in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 Elapsed Time Sample Ratios Test Material (days) Mineralization 1 — Glucose 120 >75% 2 80:20 DMB:EGDA 288  37.8% 3 90:10 DMB:EGDMA 106  12.6% 4 70:30 ISO:EGDMA 114  8.8% 5 20:20:60 STY:DVB:ISO 120  5.8% 6 20:20:60 STY:HDDA:ISO 120  11.2% 7 70:30 ABD:EGDMA 114  2.7% 8 60:40 ISO:DVB  63  0.5% 9 20:20:60 STY:DVB:EHA 166  3.7%

DMB=2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene

EGDA and EGDMA=ethylene glycol diacrylate and dimethacrylate, respectively

ISO=isoprene

STY=styrene

HDDA=1,6-hexanediol diacrylate

DVB=divinyl benzene (technical grade, 55% pure)

ABD=2-amylbutadiene

EHA=2-ethyl hexyl acrylate.

Sample 1 is a positive control representing a very rapidly biodegradable low molecular weight substance. For Samples 2 to 9, the weight ratios of the monomers in the feed is shown in the second column. Sample 5 is prepared by anionic polymerization to produce a comparatively low molecular weight polymer. Sample 6 was purchased from a commercial source and represents a high molecular weight sample of polyisoprene.

Samples 2 to 6 represent examples of synthetic polymers according to the present invention showing greater than 5% mineralization that would be expected to be biodegradable. Sample 7 did not show greater than 5% mineralization but would be expected to be biodegradable since the homopolymer of 2-amylbutadiene shows greater than 5% mineralization in this test. Samples 8 and 9 represent synthetic polymers showing less than 5% mineralization that would be expected to be nonbiodegradable.

Example 4 Diaper Made with HIPE Foam

A disposable diaper is prepared using the configuration and components shown in expanded and blown-apart depiction in FIG. 9. Such a diaper comprises a topsheet 70, a fluid-impervious backsheet 71, and a dual layer absorbent core positioned between the topsheet and the backing sheet. The dual layer absorbent core comprises a modified hourglass-shaped, fluid storage/redistribution layer 72 comprising the collapsed HIPE foams according to Examples 1, 2 or 3 positioned below a modified-hourglass shaped fluid acquisition layer 73. The topsheet contains two substantially parallel barrier leg cuff strips 74 with elastic. Affixed to the diaper backsheet 71 are two rectangular elasticized waistband members 75. Also affixed to each end of the backsheet are two waistshield elements 76 constructed of polyethylene. Also affixed to the backsheet are two parallel leg elastic strips 77. A sheet of polyethylene 78 is affixed to the outside of the backsheet as a dedicated fastening surface for two pieces 79 of Y-tape which can be used to fasten the diaper around he wearer.

The acquisition layer of the diaper core comprises a 92%/8% wet-laid mixture of stiffened, twisted, curled cellulosic fibers and conventional non-stiffened cellulosic fibers. The stiffened, twisted, curled cellulosic fibers are made from southern softwood kraft pulp (Foley fluff) which has been crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to the extent of about 2.5 mole percent on a dry fiber cellulose anhydroglucose basis. The fibers are crosslinked according to the “dry crosslinking process” as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,453 (Dean et al), issued Apr. 18, 1989.

These stiffened fibers are similar to the fibers having the characteristics described in Table 3 below:

TABLE 3 Stiffened, Twisted, Curled Cellulose (STCC) Fibers Type = Southern softwood kraft pulp crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to the extent of 1.41 mole percent on a dry fiber cellulose anhydroglucose basis Twist Count Dry = 6.8 nodes/mm Twist Count Wet = 5.1 nodes/m 2-Propanol Retention Value = 24% Water Retention Value = 37% Curl Factor = 0.63

The conventional non-stiffened cellulose fibers used in combination with the STCC fibers are also made from Foley fluff. These non-stiffened cellulose fibers are refined to about 200 CSF (Canadian Standard Freeness).

The acquisition layer has an average dry density of about 0.01 g/cm³, an average density upon saturation with synthetic urine, dry weight basis, of about 0.08 g/cm³, and an average basis weight of about 0.03 g/cm². About 8 grams of the fluid acquisition layer are used in the diaper core. The surface area of the acquisition layer is about 46.8 in² (302 cm²). It has a caliper of about 0.44 cm.

The fluid storage/redistribution layer of the diaper core comprises a modified hourglass shaped piece of collapsed HIPE foam of the type described in Examples 1, 2 or 3. About 10 grams of HIPE foam are used to form this storage/distribution layer which has a surface area of about 52.5 in² (339 cm²) and a caliper of about 0.1 in (0.25 cm).

If desired, air-laid stiffened fibers are substituted for the wet-laid stiffened fibers in the acquisition layer of the absorbent core.

Example 5 Preparation of Latex

A latex is prepared in the following manner: A monomer solution of 28.0 g of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 12.0 g of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and 0.2 g of Tinuvin 765 is prepared at room temperature. A 50 mL aqueous solution containing 5 g of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt and 0.1 g of potassium persulfate is prepared separately and transferred to a 100 mL resin kettle equipped with a magnetic stirrer, condenser, addition funnel and a thermometer. The kettle is heated in an oil bath until the internal temperature is about 85° C. The monomer solution is then added dropwise with stirring over a period of ca. 1 hr. to form a milky white emulsion. After 37 g of the monomer solution has been added, a mild exotherm is observed and the temperature rose to 90° C. The mixture begins to boil and the addition of monomer is stopped. The mixture is allowed to stir at 86° C. for ca. 1 hr. and allowed to cool. The emulsion is then filtered through a nylon screen (0.5 mm mesh) to remove a small amount of coagulum. The emulsion is placed in an oven at 50° C. for ca. 1 hr. to ensure complete polymerization.

The resulting latex is coated onto a number of surfaces, and allowed to dry. Clear transparent films are formed on smooth glass and aluminum substrates. A tough flexible glossy film is obtained by coating a piece of white printer paper. The latex is also used as an adhesive between two plastic weigh boats, and between two painted metal lids. Impregnating tissue paper with the latex yields a translucent thin film on drying.

Example 6 Wet-End Addition of Latex

A 1 square foot handsheet is prepared using 2.5 g unrefined bleached Northern softwood Kraft cellulose fiber using a deckle box containing 6 gal water. The fiber is suspended in the water in the deckle box, the pH is adjusted to near 8, and Kymene 557H resin (Hercules) is added (1% on an active basis by weight of pulp fiber). The suspension is agitated for 5 minutes to allow deposition of the resin onto the pulp fibers. The latex of Example 5 is then added (10% on an active basis by weight of pulp fiber). The suspension is gently agitated another 5 minutes to allow for adsorption of the anionic latex on the now cationic fiber surface. The suspension is then vacuum drained through the screen in the deckle box. The wet cellulosic web is passed three times through a drum dryer at 120° C. to produce a strong, soft, paper product reinforced with latex binder. This product, when produced continuously in long sheets, can be useful as an agricultural ground covering.

Example 7 Biodegradable Superabsorbent Compound

An inverse emulsion polymerization is carried out by charging a vessel with 2-methylene-3-methyl-but-3-enoic acid with 1-5 mole percent of a suitable crosslinking agent (typically trimethylol propane triacrylate) dissolved/suspended in water. This is emulsified in an excess of benzene solvent using a suitable emulsifying agent such as sorbitan monooleate to generate an inverse (or water-in-oil) emulsion. An initiator (typically benzoyl peroxide) is added and the emulsion is heated (typically to 66° C.) overnight. Removal of solvent under reduced pressure results in a lightly crosslinked biodegradable polymer which can be neutralized to produce a superabsorbent polymer. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An absorbent article especially suitable for absorbing and retaining aqueous body fluids, said article comprising: I) a backing sheet, and II) an absorbent core associated wit said backing sheet such that said absorbent core is positioned between said backing sheet and the fluid discharge region of the wearer of the article, said absorbent core comprising a polymeric foam which body fluids, said polymeric foam comprising a hydrophilic, flexible, nonionic foam structure of interconnected open cells and which is made by polymerizing a water-in-oil emulsion having 1) an oil phase comprising: a) from about 65 to about 98% by weight of a monomer component comprising: i) from about 30 to about 98% by weight of a conjugated diene having at least 6 carbon atoms and having the formula:

 wherein at least one R₁ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, the other R₁ being H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, phenyl, carboxylate, carboxamide, C₁-C₁₂ ester or a mixture thereof; ii) from about 2 to about 70% by weight of a crosslinking agent having the formula:

 wherein each A is a cleavable linking group; R₂ is C₁-₁₂ alkylene, C₂-C₁₂ alkenylene, C₆-C₁₂ arylene, C₇-C₁₈ arylalkylene, C₄-C₁₂ heteroarylene, C₆-C₁₈ heteroarylalkylene, C₈-C₁₈ arylalkenylene, C₈-C₁₈ heteroarylalkenylene, or mixtures thereof; R₃ are H, halo, carboxy, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ ester, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₄-C₁₂ heteroaryl, or mixtures thereof; m is at least 1; n is at least 2; iii) up to about 25% by weight other compatible comonomers; b) from about 2 to about 35% by weight of an emulsifier component which is soluble in the oil phase and which forms a stable water-in-oil emulsion; and 2) a water phase comprising from about 0.2 to about 20% by weight of a water-soluble electrolyte; 3) a weight ratio of water phase to oil phase of from about 12:1 to about 100:1.
 2. An absorbent article especially suitable for absorbing and retaining aqueous body fluids, said article comprising: I) a backing sheet; and II) an absorbent core associated with said backing sheet such that said absorbent core is positioned between said backing sheet and the fluid discharge region of the wearer of the article, said absorbent core comprising a polymeric foam which absorbs aqueous body fluids, said polymeric foam comprising a hydrophilic, flexible, nonionic foam structure of interconnected pen cells and which is made by polymerizing a water-in-oil emulsion having: 1) an oil phase comprising: a) from about 80 to about 97% by weight of a monomer component comprising: i) from about 60 to about 90% by weight of a conjugated diene selected from the group consisting of isoprene, 2-amyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, and mixtures thereof; ii) from about 10 to about 40% by weight of a crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 2-butenediol dimethacrylate, 2-butenediol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, and mixtures thereof; iii) up to about 20% by weight a compatible comonomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, chloroacrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, acrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-dimethyl-methacrylamide, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleate, vinyl methyl ester, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone, and isobutyl vinyl ketone; butadiene, cyclopentadiene, norbornadiene, dicyclopentadiene, vinylpyridine, N-vinylcarbazone, N-vinylpyrrolidine, acrolein vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetal, vinyl butyral, vinylpyrrolidine, acrolein, vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetal, vinyl butyral, vinylferrocene, vinyltitanocene, methyl vinylsulfone, vinylpyridine, 2-vinylbutadiene, and mixtures thereof; b) from about 3 to about 25% by weight of an emulsifier component which is soluble in the oil phase and which forms a stable water-in-oil emulsion; and 2) a water phase comprising from about 0.2 to about 20% by weight of a water-soluble electrolyte; 3) a weight ratio of water phase to oil phase of from about 25:1 to about 50:1. 